刚刚，牛津词典公布了2019年度词汇：Climate Emergency

今天，牛津词典（Oxford Dictionaries）公布了2019年度词汇：Climate Emergency（气候紧急状态）。去年的牛津词典年度词汇则为：Toxic 有毒！

Oxford Names ‘Climate Emergency’ Its 2019 Word of the Year

牛津词典2019年度词汇：“气候紧急状态”

The New York Times

Oxford Dictionaries has named “climate emergency” as its 2019 Word of the Year, choosing it from an all-environmental shortlist that also included “climate action,” “climate denial,” “eco-anxiety,” “extinction” and “flight shame.”

《牛津词典》(Oxford Dictionaries)将“climate emergency”（气候紧急状态）列为2019年年度词汇，它是从一份全部同环境有关的词汇候选名单中选出的，其中还包括“climate action”（气候行动）、“climate denial”（否认气候变化）、“eco-anxiety”（生态焦虑）、“extinction”（灭绝）和“flight shame”（飞行羞辱）。

shortlist

表示“最终候选名单，决选名单；入围名单”，英文解释为“a list of people who have been judged the most suitable for a job or prize, made from a longer list of people originally considered, and from which one person will be chosen”举个🌰：

We've drawn up (= decided) a shortlist for the job.

我们已经确定了该职位的最终候选名单。

美式：short list是分开的。有shortlist就有longlist，意思就是“初选名单”（A long-list for something such as a job or a prize is a large group that has been chosen from all the people who applied for the job, or all the people or things that are competing for the prize. The successful ones from this group are chosen to go on the shortlist.）

两个词都可以作为动词，比如shortlist作动词，表示“把…列入入围名单”举个🌰：

Candidates who are shortlisted for interview will be contacted by the end of the week.

入围参加面试的求职者将在周末以前得到通知。

The Word of the Year citation is intended to highlight “a word or expression shown through usage evidence to reflect the ethos, mood, or preoccupations of the passing year, and have a lasting potential as a term of cultural significance.” Recent winners have included “toxic,” “youthquake,” “post-truth” and “vape.”

年度词汇的标准是选出“一个词语或表达方式，其用例能反映过去一年的社会风气、情绪或关注点，并可能具有持久的文化意义”。最近的入选词汇包括“toxic”（有毒的）、“youthquake”（青年震荡）、“post-truth”（后真相）和“vape”（电子烟）。

ethos

ethos /ˈiːθɒs/ 表示“（个人或团体的）精神特质，价值观，信条；理念”，英文解释为“the set of beliefs, ideas, etc. about the social behaviour and relationships of a person or group”，如：national ethos 民族精神特质，an ethos of public service 公益服务的意识。

preoccupation

表示“（时常想的）想法、事情；关注；盘算，思虑，长久思考的事情”，英文解释为“an idea or subject that someone thinks about most of the time”举个🌰：

My main preoccupation now is trying to keep life normal for the sake of my two boys.

我现在想得最多的是要为了我的两个儿子而尽力使生活保持正常。

Normally, the shortlist includes a variety of different words that illustrate new trends in language usage. While the choices are often politically inflected, Katherine Connor Martin, an editor at Oxford Dictionaries, said the unusual decision to focus on climate-related terms reflected a “demonstrable escalation” in the language around climate.

通常情况下，候选名单包括各种反映语言使用新趋势的词汇。《牛津词典》编辑凯瑟琳·康纳·马丁(Katherine Connor Martin)表示，尽管这些词汇的选择往往带有政治色彩，但将重点放在与气候相关的词汇上这一不同寻常的决定，反映出围绕气候的语言“明显升级”。

demonstrable

表示“可证明的，可证实的，能够证明的；显而易见的”，英文解释为“able to be proved”举个🌰：

The report contains numerous demonstrable errors.

该报告有多处可以查证的错误。

“When we were looking through the evidence, it was just clear that issues relating to the climate were running through all the different lexical items we were working with,” she said. “It reflects it was a real preoccupation of the English-speaking world in 2019.”

“当我们查看证据时，很明显，与气候相关的问题贯穿了我们研究的所有不同词汇，”她说。“这反映出，在2019年，这是英语世界真正关注的问题。”

lexical

表示“词的，词汇的”，英文解释为“relating to words”，lexical items 词项，词汇=words and phrases，举个🌰：

We chose a few of the commonest lexical items in the languages.

我们选取了各语言中最常见的几个词汇。

The use of the term “climate emergency” increased by a hundredfold since 2018, according to data collected in the Oxford Corpus, a database containing hundreds of millions of words of written English. In fact, it was the most common compound involving “emergency,” occurring three times as often as the next most-common, “health emergency.”

根据包含数亿书面英语单词的数据库——牛津语料库(Oxford Corpus)收集的数据，自2018年以来，“气候紧急状态”一词的使用增加了100倍。事实上，“气候”是与“紧急状态”最常出现在一起的组合，是第二常见的“健康紧急状态”的三倍。

In part, Ms. Martin noted, this reflects a deliberate decision by some news organizations, including The Guardian, to use “climate emergency” or “climate crisis” instead of “climate change,” to better convey the urgency of the situation.

马丁指出，这在一定程度上反映了包括《卫报》(The Guardian)在内的一些新闻机构的深思熟虑，它们决定用“气候紧急状态”或“气候危机”而不是“气候变化”来更好地传达形势的紧迫性。

Oxford’s choice of an all-environmental shortlist, Ms. Martin said, did not reflect a similar deliberate decision to focus people's attention, but a reading, if a necessarily subjective one, of the lexicographic evidence.

马丁说，牛津选择了一份全部同环境有关的词汇候选名单，并不等有类似媒体的那种刻意的、为吸引人们注意力的决定，而是一种对词典编纂证据的解读，尽管这种解读必然是主观的。

“When we considered all the possibilities, a narrative really coalesced this year around words associated with ecological concerns,” she said.

“当我们考虑所有可能性时，确实发现有一种贯穿全年的叙事，是围绕与生态问题有关的词汇展开的，”她说。

coalesce

coalesce /ˌkəʊəˈlɛs/ 表示“合并；联合；结合”，英文解释为“to come together to form one larger group, substance, etc.”举个🌰：

The puddles had coalesced into a small stream.

地面上水洼子里的水汇流成了一条小溪。

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